Mar 11, 2015. PROP_DESIGN can be used to design aircraft propellers, but it also works for similar products such as propfans, open rotors, unducted fans, and geared turbofans. With the software, you can find the optimum geometry for any given operating condition, analyze takeoff condition, design swept blades, and. PROPELLER WING propellers and wings and calculation software Heliciel.

A modified P 51 Mustang is the 2014 Reno Air Race Champion An aircraft is a vessel that is able to by gaining support from the. It counters the force of gravity by using either or by using the of an, or in a few cases the from. Common examples of aircraft include,, (including ),, and. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called.

Aircraft are flown by an onboard, but may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type,, usage and others. See also: Flying model craft and stories of manned go back many centuries, however the first manned ascent – and safe descent – in modern times took place by larger hot-air balloons developed in the 18th century. Each of the two World Wars led to great technical advances.

Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras: •, from the earliest experiments to 1914. •, 1914 to 1918. •, 1918 to 1939. •, 1939 to 1945. •, also called the, 1945 to the present day. Methods of lift [ ] Lighter than air – aerostats [ ].

Hot air use to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as,, or, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, it adds up to the same weight as the air that the craft displaces. Small hot-air balloons called were first invented in ancient China prior to the 3rd century BC and used primarily in cultural celebrations, and were only the second type of aircraft to fly, the first being which were first invented in ancient China over two thousand years ago (see ). Airship over Manhattan in the 1930s A was originally any aerostat, while the term was used for large, powered aircraft designs – usually fixed-wing. In 1919 was reported as referring to 'ships of the air,' with smaller passenger types as 'Air yachts.'

In the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as 'ships of the air' or 'flying-ships'. – though none had yet been built.

The advent of powered balloons, called dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by a outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced, the being the largest and most famous. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, so 'airship' came to be synonymous with these aircraft.

Then several accidents, such as the in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a 'balloon' is an unpowered aerostat and an 'airship' is a powered one. A powered, steerable aerostat is called a. Sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes dirigible balloon is regarded as the definition of an airship (which may then be rigid or non-rigid). Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back.

These soon became known as. During the, this shape was widely adopted for tethered balloons; in windy weather, this both reduces the strain on the tether and stabilizes the balloon. The nickname blimp was adopted along with the shape. In modern times, any small dirigible or airship is called a blimp, though a blimp may be unpowered as well as powered. Heavier-than-air – aerodynes [ ] Heavier-than-air aircraft, such as, must find some way to push air or gas downwards, so that a reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to push the aircraft upwards. This dynamic movement through the air is the origin of the term aerodyne. There are two ways to produce dynamic upthrust:, and in the form of engine thrust.

Aerodynamic lift involving is the most common, with being kept in the air by the forward movement of wings, and by spinning wing-shaped rotors sometimes called rotary wings. A wing is a flat, horizontal surface, usually shaped in cross-section as an. To fly, air must flow over the wing and generate. A flexible wing is a wing made of fabric or thin sheet material, often stretched over a rigid frame. A is tethered to the ground and relies on the speed of the wind over its wings, which may be flexible or rigid, fixed, or rotary. With powered lift, the aircraft directs its engine thrust downward. Aircraft, such as the and take off and land vertically using powered lift and transfer to aerodynamic lift in steady flight.

A pure is not usually regarded as an aerodyne, because it does not depend on the air for its lift (and can even fly into space); however, many aerodynamic lift vehicles have been powered or assisted by rocket motors. Rocket-powered missiles that obtain aerodynamic lift at very high speed due to airflow over their bodies are a marginal case. Fixed-wing [ ]. Main article: The forerunner of the fixed-wing aircraft is the. Whereas a fixed-wing aircraft relies on its forward speed to create airflow over the wings, a kite is tethered to the ground and relies on the blowing over its wings to provide lift. Kites were the first kind of aircraft to fly, and around 500 BC. Much aerodynamic research was done with kites before test aircraft, wind tunnels, and computer modelling programs became available.

The first heavier-than-air craft capable of controlled free-flight were. A glider designed by carried out the first true manned, controlled flight in 1853. Practical, powered, fixed-wing aircraft (the or airplane) were invented. Besides the method of, fixed-wing aircraft are in general characterized by their. The most important wing characteristics are: • Number of wings –,, etc.

• Wing support – Braced or cantilever, rigid, or flexible. • Wing planform – including, angle of, and any variations along the span (including the important class of ). • Location of the horizontal stabilizer, if any. • – positive, zero, or negative (anhedral). A aircraft can change its wing configuration during flight.

A has no fuselage, though it may have small blisters or pods. The opposite of this is a, which has no wings, though it may have small stabilizing and control surfaces.

Vehicles are not considered aircraft. They 'fly' efficiently close to the surface of the ground or water, like conventional aircraft during takeoff. An example is the Russian ekranoplan (nicknamed the 'Caspian Sea Monster'). Also rely on to remain airborne with a minimal pilot power, but this is only because they are so underpowered—in fact, the airframe is capable of flying higher. Rotorcraft [ ]. Main article: Rotorcraft, or rotary-wing aircraft, use a spinning rotor with aerofoil section blades (a rotary wing) to provide lift. Types include,, and various hybrids such as and compound rotorcraft.

Have a rotor turned by an engine-driven shaft. Cowan And Steel Method. The rotor pushes air downward to create lift. By tilting the rotor forward, the downward flow is tilted backward, producing thrust for forward flight.

Some helicopters have more than one rotor and a few have rotors turned by gas jets at the tips. Have unpowered rotors, with a separate power plant to provide thrust. The rotor is tilted backward.

As the autogyro moves forward, air blows upward across the rotor, making it spin. This spinning increases the speed of airflow over the rotor, to provide lift. Are unpowered autogyros, which are towed to give them forward speed or tethered to a static anchor in high-wind for kited flight. Rotate their wings about a horizontal axis.

Compound rotorcraft have wings that provide some or all of the lift in forward flight. They are nowadays classified as types and not as rotorcraft. Aircraft (such as the ),,, and aircraft have their rotors/ horizontal for vertical flight and vertical for forward flight. Other methods of lift [ ]. X-24B lifting body, specialized • A is an aircraft body shaped to produce lift. If there are any wings, they are too small to provide significant lift and are used only for stability and control. Lifting bodies are not efficient: they suffer from high drag, and must also travel at high speed to generate enough lift to fly.

Many of the research prototypes, such as the, which led up to the, were lifting bodies (though the shuttle itself is not), and some obtain lift from the airflow over a tubular body. • types rely on engine-derived lift for vertical takeoff and landing (). Most types transition to fixed-wing lift for horizontal flight. Classes of powered lift types include jet aircraft (such as the ) and (such as the ), among others. A few experimental designs rely entirely on engine thrust to provide lift throughout the whole flight, including personal fan-lift hover platforms and jetpacks. Research designs include the. • The uses a rotating cylinder in place of a fixed wing, obtaining lift from the.

• The obtains thrust by flapping its wings. Scale, sizes and speeds [ ] Sizes [ ] The smallest aircraft are toys, and—even smaller --. The largest aircraft by dimensions and volume (as of 2016) is the 302-foot-long (about 95 meters) British, a hybrid blimp, with helicopter and fixed-wing features, and reportedly capable of speeds up to 90 mph (about 150 km/h), and an airborne endurance of two weeks with a payload of up to 22,050 pounds (11 tons). The largest aircraft by weight and largest regular fixed-wing aircraft ever built (as of 2016), is the. That Ukrainian-built 6-engine Russian transport of the 1980s is 84 metres (276 feet) long, with an 88-meter (289 foot) wingspan. It holds the world payload record, after transporting 428,834 pounds (200 tons) of goods, and has recently flown 100-ton loads commercially. Weighing in at somewhere between 1.1 and 1.4 million pounds (550-700 tons) maximum loaded weight, it is also the heaviest aircraft to be built, to date.

It can cruise at 500 mph. The largest military airplanes are the Ukrainian/Russian (world's second-largest airplane, also used as a civilian transport), and American transport, weighing, loaded, over 765,000 pounds (over 380 tons). The 8-engine, piston/propeller Hughes HK-1 ',' an American wooden flying boat transport—with a greater wingspan (94 meters / 260 feet) than any current aircraft, and a tail-height equal to the tallest (Airbus A380-800 at 24.1 meters / 78 feet) -- flew only one short hop in the late 1940s, and never flew out of. The largest civilian airplanes, apart from the above-noted An-225 and An-124, are the French cargo transport derivative of the jet airliner, the American cargo transport derivative of the jet airliner/transport (the 747-200B was, at its creation in the 1960s, the heaviest aircraft ever built, with a maximum weight of 836,000 pounds (over 400 tons)), and the double-decker French 'super-jumbo' jet airliner (the world's largest passenger airliner). Main article: Speeds [ ] The fastest recorded powered aircraft flight and fastest recorded aircraft flight of an air-breathing powered aircraft was of the NASA Pegasus, a -powered,, experimental research aircraft, at Mach 9.6 (nearly 7,000 mph).

The X-43A set that new mark, and broke its own world record (of Mach 6.3, nearly 5,000 mph, set in March, 2004) on its third and final flight on Nov. Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight (and still the record for the fastest manned, powered airplane / fastest manned, non-spacecraft aircraft) was of the North American, rocket-powered airplane at 4,520 mph (7,274 km/h), Mach 6.72, on October 3, 1967. On one flight it reached an altitude of 354,300 feet. The fastest known, production aircraft (other than rockets and missiles) currently or formerly operational (as of 2016) are: • The fastest fixed-wing aircraft, and fastest glider, is the, a rocket-glider hybrid, which has re-entered the atmosphere as a fixed-wing glider at over 25 (over 25 times the speed of sound—about 17,000 mph at re-entry to Earth's atmosphere). • The fastest military airplane ever built:, a U.S. Jet fixed-wing aircraft, known to fly beyond Mach 3.3 (about 2,200 mph at cruising altitude).

On July 28, 1976, an SR-71 set the record for the fastest and highest-flying operational aircraft with an absolute speed record of 2,193 mph and an absolute altitude record of 85,068 feet. At its retirement in the January 1990, it was the fastest air-breathing aircraft / fastest jet aircraft in the world—a record still standing as of August, 2016. Note: Some sources refer to the above-mentioned X-15 as the 'fastest military airplane' because it was partly a project of the U.S. Navy and Air Force; however, the X-15 was not used in non-experimental actual military operations. • The fastest current military aircraft are the Soviet/Russian —capable of Mach 3.2 (2,170 mph), at the expense of engine damage, or Mach 2.83 (1,920 mph) normally—and the Russian E (also capable of Mach 2.83 normally). Both are fighter-interceptor jet airplanes, in active operations as of 2016.

• The fastest civilian airplane ever built, and fastest passenger airliner ever built: the briefly operated supersonic jet airliner (Mach 2.35, 1,600 mph, 2,587 km/h), which was believed to cruise at about Mach 2.2. The Tu-144 (officially operated from 1968 to 1978, ending after two crashes of the small fleet) was outlived by its rival, the (Mach 2.23), a French/British supersonic airliner, known to cruise at Mach 2.02 (1.450 mph, 2,333 kmh at cruising altitude), operating from 1976 until the small Concorde fleet was grounded permanently in 2003, following the crash of one in the early 2000s. • The fastest civilian airplane currently flying: the, an American business jet, capable of Mach 0.935 (over 600 mph at cruising altitude).

Its rival, the American business jet, can reach Mach 0.925 • The fastest airliner currently flying is the, quoted as being capable of cruising over Mach 0.885 (over 550 mph). Previously, the fastest were the troubled, short-lived Russian (Soviet Union) SST (Mach 2.35) and the French/British (Mach 2.23, normally cruising at Mach 2). Before them, the jet airliner of the 1960s flew at over 600 mph.

Main article: are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once airborne. Take-off may be by launching forward and downward from a high location, or by pulling into the air on a tow-line, either by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or by a powered 'tug' aircraft. For a glider to maintain its forward air speed and lift, it must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground).

Many gliders can 'soar' – gain height from updrafts such as thermal currents. The first practical, controllable example was designed and built by the British scientist and pioneer, whom many recognise as the first aeronautical engineer. Common examples of gliders are, and. Drift with the wind, though normally the pilot can control the altitude, either by heating the air or by releasing ballast, giving some directional control (since the wind direction changes with altitude). A wing-shaped hybrid balloon can glide directionally when rising or falling; but a spherically shaped balloon does not have such directional control. Are aircraft that are tethered to the ground or other object (fixed or mobile) that maintains tension in the tether or; they rely on virtual or real wind blowing over and under them to generate lift and drag. Winavi All In One Converter Keygen Serial Generator more. Are balloon-kite hybrids that are shaped and tethered to obtain kiting deflections, and can be lighter-than-air, neutrally buoyant, or heavier-than-air.

Powered aircraft [ ]. A -engined adapted as a use one or more (airscrews) to create thrust in a forward direction. The propeller is usually mounted in front of the power source in but can be mounted behind in. Variations of propeller layout include and. Many kinds of power plant have been used to drive propellers.

Early airships used man power. The more practical was used for virtually all fixed-wing aircraft until and is still used in many smaller aircraft. Some types use turbine engines to drive a propeller in the form of a. Has been achieved, but has not become a practical means of transport. Unmanned aircraft and models have also used power sources such as and rubber bands. Jet aircraft [ ]. Use, which take in air, burn fuel with it in a, and accelerate the exhaust rearwards to provide thrust.

And engines use a spinning turbine to drive one or more fans, which provide additional thrust. An may be used to inject extra fuel into the hot exhaust, especially on military 'fast jets'. Use of a turbine is not absolutely necessary: other designs include the and. These mechanically simple designs cannot work when stationary, so the aircraft must be launched to flying speed by some other method. Other variants have also been used, including the and hybrids such as the, which can convert between turbojet and ramjet operation. Compared to propellers, jet engines can provide much higher thrust, higher speeds and, above about 40,000 ft (12,000 m), greater efficiency. They are also much more fuel-efficient than.

As a consequence nearly all large, high-speed or high-altitude aircraft use jet engines. Rotorcraft [ ].

Main article: Some rotorcraft, such as, have a powered rotary wing or rotor, where the rotor disc can be angled slightly forward so that a proportion of its lift is directed forwards. The rotor may, like a propeller, be powered by a variety of methods such as a piston engine or turbine. Experiments have also used. Other types of powered aircraft [ ] • have occasionally been experimented with, and the fighter even saw action in the Second World War. Since then, they have been restricted to research aircraft, such as the, which traveled up into space where air-breathing engines cannot work (rockets carry their own oxidant). Rockets have more often been used as a supplement to the main power plant, typically for the of heavily loaded aircraft, but also to provide high-speed dash capability in some hybrid designs such as the. • The obtains thrust by flapping its wings.

It has found practical use in a used to freeze prey animals into stillness so that they can be captured, and in toy birds. Design and construction [ ] Aircraft are according to many factors such as customer and manufacturer demand, protocols and physical and economic constraints. For many types of aircraft the design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities. The key parts of an aircraft are generally divided into three categories: • The structure comprises the main load-bearing elements and associated equipment. • The propulsion system (if it is powered) comprises the power source and associated equipment, as described above. • The avionics comprise the control, navigation and communication systems, usually electrical in nature. Structure [ ] The approach to structural design varies widely between different types of aircraft.

Some, such as, comprise only flexible materials that act in tension and rely on aerodynamic pressure to hold their shape. A similarly relies on internal gas pressure but may have a rigid basket or gondola slung below it to carry its payload. Early aircraft, including, often employed flexible to give a reasonably smooth aeroshell stretched over a rigid frame. Later aircraft employed semi- techniques, where the skin of the aircraft is stiff enough to share much of the flight loads. In a true monocoque design there is no internal structure left.

The key structural parts of an aircraft depend on what type it is. Aerostats [ ]. Airframe diagram for an Heavier-than-air types are characterised by one or more wings and a central. The fuselage typically also carries a tail or for stability and control, and an undercarriage for takeoff and landing. Engines may be located on the fuselage or wings. On a the wings are rigidly attached to the fuselage, while on a the wings are attached to a rotating vertical shaft. Smaller designs sometimes use flexible materials for part or all of the structure, held in place either by a rigid frame or by air pressure.

The fixed parts of the structure comprise the. Avionics [ ]. Main article: The range is the distance an aircraft can fly between and, as limited by the time it can remain airborne.

For a powered aircraft the time limit is determined by the fuel load and rate of consumption. For an unpowered aircraft, the maximum flight time is limited by factors such as weather conditions and pilot endurance. Many aircraft types are restricted to daylight hours, while balloons are limited by their supply of lifting gas.

The range can be seen as the average ground speed multiplied by the maximum time in the air. Flight dynamics [ ]. Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the around about the vehicle's, known as pitch, roll, and yaw (quite different from their use as ).

• Roll is a rotation about the longitudinal axis (equivalent to the rolling or of a ship) giving an up-down movement of the wing tips measured by the roll or bank angle. • Pitch is a rotation about the sideways horizontal axis giving an up-down movement of the aircraft nose measured by the.

• Yaw is a rotation about the vertical axis giving a side-to-side movement of the nose known as sideslip. Flight dynamics is concerned with the stability and control of an aircraft's rotation about each of these axes. Stability [ ].

The of a An aircraft that is unstable tends to diverge from its current flight path and so is difficult to fly. A very stable aircraft tends to stay on its current flight path and is difficult to manoeuvre—so it is important for any design to achieve the desired degree of stability. Since the widespread use of digital computers, it is increasingly common for designs to be inherently unstable and rely on computerised control systems to provide artificial stability.

A fixed wing is typically unstable in pitch, roll, and yaw. Pitch and yaw stabilities of conventional fixed wing designs require, which act similarly to the feathers on an arrow.

These stabilizing surfaces allow equilibrium of aerodynamic forces and to stabilise the of and. They are usually mounted on the tail section (), although in the layout, the main aft wing replaces the canard foreplane as pitch stabilizer. And rely on the same general rule to achieve stability, the aft surface being the stabilising one. A rotary wing is typically unstable in yaw, requiring a vertical stabiliser. A balloon is typically very stable in pitch and roll due to the way the payload is hung underneath. Control [ ] enable the pilot to control an aircraft's and are usually part of the wing or mounted on, or integral with, the associated stabilizing surface.

Their development was a critical advance in the history of aircraft, which had until that point been uncontrollable in flight. Develop for a vehicle's orientation (attitude) about its.

The control systems include actuators, which exert forces in various directions, and generate rotational forces or about the of the aircraft, and thus rotate the aircraft in pitch, roll, or yaw. For example, a is a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the aircraft, causing the aircraft to pitch up or down. Control systems are also sometimes used to increase or decrease drag, for example to slow the aircraft to a safe speed for landing. The two main aerodynamic forces acting on any aircraft are lift supporting it in the air and opposing its motion.

Control surfaces or other techniques may also be used to affect these forces directly, without inducing any rotation. Impacts of aircraft use [ ]. Main article: Aircraft permit long distance, high speed and may be a more mode of transportation in some circumstances. Aircraft have beyond fuel efficiency considerations, however. They are also relatively compared to other forms of travel and high altitude aircraft generate, which experimental evidence suggests may. Uses for aircraft [ ] Aircraft are produced in several different types optimized for various uses;, which includes not just combat types but many types of supporting aircraft, and, which include all non-military types, experimental and model.

Military [ ]. Main article: A military aircraft is any aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat: • Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own armament.

Combat aircraft divide broadly into and, with several in-between types such as and (including ). • Non-combat aircraft are not designed for combat as their primary function, but may carry weapons for self-defense. Non-combat roles include search and rescue, reconnaissance, observation, transport, training, and. These aircraft are often variants of civil aircraft. Most military aircraft are powered heavier-than-air types. Other types such as gliders and have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the and, and were used during to land troops.

Main article: Civil aircraft divide into commercial and general types, however there are some overlaps. Include types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying passengers, and other. The larger passenger-carrying types are the airliners, the largest of which are. Some of the smaller types are also used in, and some of the larger types are used as. Is a catch-all covering other kinds of (where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial use, and involving a wide range of aircraft types such as,,,, and to name a few.

The vast majority of aircraft today are general aviation types. Experimental [ ]. From the original on 28 March 2015.

Retrieved 1 April 2015. From the original on 21 November 2016. • 23 February 2014 at the. 'Air-ship' referring to a compound aerostat/rotorcraft.

• (1902) 3 December 2013 at the. 22 February 2014 at the.

'airship,'- referring to an HTA aeroplane. • 3 August 2013 at the. - 'air ship' referring to Whitehead's aeroplane. • Cooley Airship of 1910, also called the Cooley monoplane.. From the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.. Archived from on 2 April 2012.

Retrieved 2011-09-07. - a heavier-than-air monoplane. • Frater, A.; The Balloon Factory, Picador (2009), Page 163. - Wright brothers' 'airship.' • 22 February 2014 at the.

- 'air-ship,' 'vessel' referring to a VTOL compound rotorcraft (not clear from the reference if it might be an aerostat hybrid.) • 24 March 2014 at the. 'Ships of the air,' 'Air yachts' - passenger landplanes large and small • -'ship of the airs,' 'flying-ship,' referring to a large flying-boat.

• 18 January 2014 at the. 'Ships of the Air' referring to Pan Am's Boeing Clipper flying-boat fleet.

• 22 November 2016 at the. 16 Aug 2016, London 'Daily Telegraph' via Telegraph.co.uk, retrieved November 22, 2016. • [ 'Airlander 10, the world's largest aircraft, takes off for the first time,'] August 19, 2016, CBS News (TV) retrieved November 22, 2016. • Kottasova, Ivana 22 November 2016 at the., August 24, 2016, CNN Tech on, the Cable News Network, retrieved November 22, 2016. • July, Dyre..

From the original on 4 November 2016. • 22 November 2016 at the. May 16, 2016, Fox News, retrieved November 22, 2016. • Rumbaugh, Andrea, 23 November 2016 at the. Updated November 18, 2016, Houston Chonicle / Chron.com, retrieved November 22, 2016. • Lewis, Danny,, September 18, 2015, Smart News, Smithsonian.com,, Washington, D.C., retrieved November 22, 2016.

• ^ Aerospaceweb.org, retrieved November 22, 2016. • 22 November 2016 at the. July 28th, 2013,, retrieved November 22, 2016. • ^ Loftin, Laurence K., Jr., 7 June 2013 at the., in Chapter 13, 'Jet Transports,' in Part II, 'The Jet Age,' in Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft, NASA SP-468, 1985, Scientific and Technical Information Branch,, Washington, D.C., Updated: August 6, 2004, retrieved November 22, 2016. • 2 February 2017 at the.

April 29, 2008,, retrieved November 22, 2016. • 2 November 2016 at the. Retrieved November 2016. • 20 December 2016 at the.

Guinness World Records, retrieved December 2, 2016. • ^ Jackson, Doug, April 22, 2001, Aerospaceweb.org, retrieved November 22, 2016. • 20 December 2016 at the. Guinness World Records, retrieved December 2, 2016. • ^ Bergqvist, Pia, 3 September 2017 at the.

September 17, 2014,, retrieved December 3, 2016 • Benson, Tom, ed., 23 November 2016 at the. Glenn Research Center,, retrieved November 22, 2016. • 23 November 2016 at the. Retrieved November 22, 2016 • 20 December 2016 at the. Display notes, May 29, 2015, retrieved Dec. 2, 2016 • Trujillo, Staff Sgt.

Robert M., 20 December 2016 at the. January 26, 2016, 9th Reconnaissance Wing Public Affairs, U.S. Air Force, retrieved December 2, 2016 • 'Absolute speed record still stands 40 years later,' July 27, 2016 General Aviation News, retrieved November 22, 2016. • Woolen, Angela, 20 December 2016 at the. August 09, 2016, 78th Air Base Wing Public Affairs, United States Air Force, retrieved December 2, 2016 • Bender, Jeremy and Amanda Macias, 20 December 2016 at the. September 18, 2015, Business Insider, retrieved December 3, 2016 • 20 December 2016 at the. Airforce Technology, retrieved December 3, 2016 • 6 August 2016 at the.

2016, Bloomberg, retrieved December 3, 2016 • ^ Aerospaceweb.org, retrieved November 22, 2016. • ^ 20 December 2016 at the. Guinness World Records, retrieved December 2. • Whitfield, Bethany, 20 July 2016 at the. August 28, 2012,, retrieved November 22, 2016. • 22 November 2016 at the. Apr 15, 2013, Wichita Business Journal, retrieved November 22, 2016.

From the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015. From the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010. Archived from on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2015.

• • ^ Crane, Dale: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition, page 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.

• ^ Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, From the Ground Up, page 10 (27th revised edition) •. Airline Handbook..

Archived from on 20 June 2010. • ^ Gunston 1986, p. 274 • Gunston, Bill (1987). Jane's Aerospace Dictionary 1987. London, England: Jane's Publishing Company Limited..

External links [ ] Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

History • • • – Online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft • slideshow by Information • • Free aviation terms, phrases and jargons •.