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• • • Humidity is the amount of present in the air. Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood of,,. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of in cooling the body by reducing the rate of of moisture from the skin. This effect is calculated in a table. The amount of water vapor that is needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases.

As the temperature of a parcel of water becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass. The differences in the amount of water vapor in a parcel of air can be quite large. For example, a parcel of air that is near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 30 °C, but only 8 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 8 °C. There are three main measurements of humidity: absolute, relative and specific. Absolute humidity is the water content of air expressed in gram per cubic meter or grams per kilogram. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature. Specific humidity is the of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the moist air parcel.

A A device used to measure humidity is called a psychrometer. A is a humidity-triggered switch, often used to control a. There are various devices used to measure and regulate humidity. Calibration standards for the most accurate measurement include the,, and. The gravimetric method, while the most accurate, is very cumbersome. For fast and very accurate measurement the chilled mirror method is effective.

For process on-line measurements, the most commonly used sensors nowadays are based on measurements to measure relative humidity, frequently with internal conversions to display absolute humidity as well. These are cheap, simple, generally accurate and relatively robust. All humidity sensors face problems in measuring dust-laden gas, such as exhaust streams from. Humidity is also measured on a global scale using remotely placed. These satellites are able to detect the of water in the at altitudes between 4 and 12 kilometers.

Satellites that can measure water vapor have sensors that are sensitive to. Water vapor specifically absorbs and re-radiates radiation in this spectral band.

Satellite water vapor imagery plays an important role in monitoring climate conditions (like the formation of thunderstorms) and in the development of. See also: and While humidity itself is a climate variable, it also interacts strongly with other climate variables. The humidity is affected by winds and by rainfall. The most humid cities on earth are generally located closer to the equator, near coastal regions. Cities in and are among the most humid.,, and have very high humidity all year round because of their proximity to water bodies and the and often overcast weather. Some places experience extreme humidity during their rainy seasons combined with warmth giving the feel of a lukewarm sauna, such as, and in, and in. City located on the in Pakistan has some of the highest and most uncomfortable in the country frequently exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in the season.

High temperatures couple up with bizarre dew point to create heat index in excess of 65 °C (149 °F). Experiences an extremely humid wet season from December to April. Download Free Fluid Flow And Heat Transfer In Wellbores Pdf Free.

And also have an extreme humid period in their summer months. During the South-west and North-east Monsoon seasons (respectively, late May to September and November to March), expect heavy rains and a relatively high humidity post-rainfall.

Outside the monsoon seasons, humidity is high (in comparison to countries North of the Equator), but completely sunny days abound. In cooler places such as Northern Tasmania, Australia, high humidity is experienced all year due to the ocean between mainland Australia and Tasmania. In the summer the hot dry air is absorbed by this ocean and the temperature rarely climbs above 35 °C (95 °F). United States [ ] In the United States the most humid cities, strictly in terms of, are and. This is because high play a more significant role than relative humidity in discomfort, and so the air in these western cities usually does not feel 'humid' as a result. In general, dew points are much lower in the Western U.S. Than those in the Eastern U.S.

The highest dew points in the US are found in coastal and. When comparing and, two of the most humid cities from those states, coastal Florida seems to have the higher dew points on average.

However, Houston lacks the coastal breeze present in Key West, and, as a much larger city, it suffers from the effect. A dew point of 88 °F (31 °C) was recorded in Moorhead on July 19, 2011, with a heat index of 133.5, although dew points over 80 °F (27 °C) are rare there. The US city with the lowest annual humidity is,, averaging 39% for a high and 21% as a low. Appleton, Wisconsin registered a dew point of 90 degrees F on 13 July 1995 with an air temperature of 104 degrees resulting in a heat index of 149 degrees; this record has apparently held and in fact the highest dew point measured in the country bounced amongst or was tied by locations in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa during the preceding 70 years or more with locations in northern Illinois also coming close. Dew points of 95 degrees are found on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia at certain times. Global climate [ ].

See also: Humidity affects the and thereby influences temperatures in two major ways. First, water vapor in the atmosphere contains 'latent' energy.

During transpiration or evaporation, this is removed from surface liquid, cooling the earth's surface. This is the biggest non-radiative cooling effect at the surface. It compensates for roughly 70% of the average net radiative warming at the surface. Second, water vapor is the most abundant of all. Water vapor, like a green lens that allows green light to pass through it but absorbs red light, is a 'selective absorber'. Along with other greenhouse gases, water vapor is transparent to most solar energy, as you can literally see. But it absorbs the infrared energy emitted (radiated) upward by the earth's surface, which is the reason that humid areas experience very little nocturnal cooling but dry desert regions cool considerably at night.

This selective absorption causes the greenhouse effect. It raises the surface temperature substantially above its theoretical radiative equilibrium temperature with the sun, and water vapor is the cause of more of this warming than any other greenhouse gas. Unlike most other greenhouse gases, however, water is not merely below its boiling point in all regions of the Earth, but below its freezing point at many altitudes. As a condensible greenhouse gas, it, with a much lower and shorter atmospheric lifetime- weeks instead of decades. Without other greenhouse gases, Earth's, below the freezing point of water, would cause water vapor to be removed from the atmosphere. Water vapor is thus a 'slave' to the non-condensible greenhouse gases.

Air density and volume [ ]. Main articles: and Humidity depends on water vaporization and condensation, which, in turn, mainly depends on temperature.

Therefore, when applying more pressure to a gas saturated with water, all components will initially decrease in volume approximately according to the. However, some of the water will condense until returning to almost the same humidity as before, giving the resulting total volume deviating from what the ideal gas law predicted. Conversely, decreasing temperature would also make some water condense, again making the final volume deviate from predicted by the ideal gas law. Therefore, gas volume may alternatively be expressed as the dry volume, excluding the humidity content.

This fraction more accurately follows the ideal gas law. On the contrary the saturated volume is the volume a gas mixture would have if humidity was added to it until saturation (or 100% relative humidity). Humid air is less dense than dry air because a molecule of water ( ≈ 18 ) is less massive than either a molecule of (M ≈ 28) or a molecule of (M ≈ 32). About 78% of the molecules in dry air are nitrogen (N 2). Another 21% of the molecules in dry air are oxygen (O 2). The final 1% of dry air is a mixture of other gases.

For any gas, at a given temperature and pressure, the number of molecules present in a particular volume is constant – see. So when water molecules (vapor) are introduced into that volume of dry air, the number of air molecules in the volume must decrease by the same number, if the temperature and pressure remain constant. (The addition of water molecules, or any other molecules, to a gas, without removal of an equal number of other molecules, will necessarily require a change in temperature, pressure, or total volume; that is, a change in at least one of these three parameters. If temperature and pressure remain constant, the volume increases, and the dry air molecules that were displaced will initially move out into the additional volume, after which the mixture will eventually become uniform through diffusion.) Hence the mass per unit volume of the gas—its density—decreases. Discovered this phenomenon and wrote about it in his book. Effects [ ] Animals and plant [ ] Humidity is one of the fundamental that defines any habitat, and is a determinant of which animals and plants can thrive in a given environment.

The human body dissipates heat through perspiration and its evaporation., to the surrounding air, and are the primary modes of heat transport from the body. Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases. Also, if the atmosphere is as warm as or warmer than the skin during times of high humidity, brought to the body surface cannot dissipate heat by conduction to the air, and a condition called results. With so much blood going to the external surface of the body, less goes to the active, the, and other internal. Declines, and occurs sooner than it would otherwise. Alertness and mental capacity also may be affected, resulting in heat stroke. Human comfort [ ] Humans are sensitive to humid air because the human body uses evaporative cooling as the primary mechanism to regulate temperature.

Under humid conditions, the rate at which perspiration evaporates on the skin is lower than it would be under arid conditions. Because humans perceive the rate of heat transfer from the body rather than temperature itself, we feel warmer when the relative humidity is high than when it is low.

Some people experience difficulty breathing in humid environments. Some cases may possibly be related to respiratory conditions such as, while others may be the product of. Sufferers will often in response, causing sensations of,, and loss of, among others. Reduces discomfort in the summer not only by reducing temperature, but also by reducing humidity. In winter, heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoor to below 30%, leading to discomfort such as dry skin, cracked lips and excessive thirst. Electronics [ ] Many electronic devices have humidity specifications, for example, 5% to 45%.

At the top end of the range, moisture may increase the conductivity of permeable leading to malfunction. Too low humidity may make materials brittle. A particular danger to electronic items, regardless of the stated operating humidity range, is. When an electronic item is moved from a cold place (e.g. Garage, car, shed, an air conditioned space in the tropics) to a warm humid place (house, outside tropics), condensation may coat circuit boards and other insulators, leading to inside the equipment.

Such short circuits may cause substantial permanent damage if the equipment is powered on before the condensation has. A similar condensation effect can often be observed when a person wearing glasses comes in from the cold (i.e.

The glasses become foggy). It is advisable to allow electronic equipment to acclimatise for several hours, after being brought in from the cold, before powering on. Some electronic devices can detect such a change and indicate, when plugged in and usually with a small droplet symbol, that they cannot be used until the risk from condensation has passed. In situations where time is critical, increasing air flow through the device's internals, such as removing the side panel from a PC case and directing a fan to blow into the case, will reduce significantly the time needed to acclimatise to the new environment. In contrast, a very low humidity level favors the build-up of, which may result in spontaneous shutdown of computers when discharges occur. Apart from spurious erratic function, electrostatic discharges can cause dielectric breakdown in solid state devices, resulting in irreversible damage.

Often monitor relative humidity levels for these reasons. Building construction [ ] Common construction methods often produce building enclosures with a poor thermal boundary, requiring an and air barrier system designed to retain indoor environmental conditions while resisting external environmental conditions. The energy-efficient, heavily sealed architecture introduced in the 20th century also sealed off the movement of moisture, and this has resulted in a secondary problem of forming in and around walls, which encourages the development of mold and mildew. Additionally, buildings with foundations not properly sealed will allow water to flow through the walls due to of pores found in masonry products. Solutions for energy-efficient buildings that avoid condensation are a current topic of architecture. Industry [ ] High humidity can often have a negative effect on the capacity of chemical plants and refineries that use furnaces as part of the process (e.g. Steam reforming, wet sulfuric acid process).

The humidity will reduce the oxygen concentration, and the flue gas fans have to pull more air through the system to get the same firing rate (dry air is 20.9% oxygen, at 100% relative humidity the air is 20.4% oxygen). See also [ ] • • • References [ ]. Retrieved 2012-08-28. • Wyer, S.S., 'A treatise on producer-gas and gas-producers', (1906) The Engineering and Mining Journal, London, p.23 • Perry, R.H. And Green, D.W, (2007) (8th Edition), Section 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling and Solids Drying, •.

ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 4 February 2014. • (See also ) • British Standard BS 1339 (revised), Humidity and Dewpoint, Parts 1-3 (2002-2007) •. • Perry, R.H. And Green, D.W, (7th Edition),,, Eqn 12-7 • Lide, David (2005). 'The Heat Index 'Equation' (or, More Than You Ever Wanted to Know About Heat Index)', Scientific Services Division (NWS Southern Region Headquarters), 1 July 1990 (PDF).

Archived from (PDF) on 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2011-07-23. • Steadman, R.

'The Assessment of Sultriness. Part I: A Temperature-Humidity Index Based on Human Physiology and Clothing Science'.

Journal of Applied Meteorology. 18 (7): 861–873... • Seidel, Dian.. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Retrieved 3 March 2017. Water Vapor Measurement, Methods and Instrumentation.

Marcel Dekker, New York, NY • 'BS1339' Part 3 •. • 2007-09-29 at the.

• Businger, S. Archived from (PDF) on 2015-01-30. • Schwieterman, E. • Isaac Newton (1704).. • C.Michael Hogan.

June 8, 2013, at the. Washington DC • •. 3 August 2014. • United States Environmental Protection Agency,. Retrieved Jan.

External links [ ] Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Has the text of the 1905 article. • – PhyMetrix • – Rotronic.