William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board (FSB) was created by Congress to supervise the Fulbright Program. This 12-member Board, appointed by the President of the United States, works in cooperation with the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State, the bi-national Fulbright.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview [ ] The FSB is mainly responsible for internal security of the Russian state,, and the fight against,, and. Since 2003, when the Federal Border Guards Service was incorporated to the FSB, it has also been responsible for overseeing border security. The FSB is engaged mostly in domestic affairs, while espionage duties are responsibility of the Russian. However, the FSB also includes the agency, which conducts electronic surveillance abroad. All law enforcement and intelligence agencies in Russia work under the guidance of FSB, if needed. The FSB combines functions and powers similar to those exercised by the United States, (ICE), the, the (NSA),,, and partly the. The FSB employs about 66,200 uniformed staff, including about 4,000 special forces troops.

It also employs about 160,000–200,000 border guards. Under Article 32 of the Federal Constitutional Law On the Government of the Russian Federation, the FSB head answers directly to the and the FSB director is the RF president's appointment, though he is a member of the RF government which is headed by the of Government; he also, ex officio, is a permanent member of the presided over by the president and chairman of the of Russia. History [ ] Initial recognition of the KGB [ ]. The FSB headquarters at The Federal Security Service is one of the successor organisations of the (KGB). Following the —in which some KGB units as well as the KGB head played a major part—the KGB was dismantled and ceased to exist from November 1991. In December 1991, two government agencies answerable to the president were created by president Yeltsin's decrees on the basis of the relevant main directorates of the defunct KGB: (SVR, the former ) and the (FAPSI, merging the functions of the former 8th Main Directorate and 16th Main Directorate of the KGB). In January 1992, another new institution, the Ministry of Security took over domestic and border security responsibilities.

Following, the Ministry of Security was reorganized on 21 December 1993 into the (FSK). The FSK was headed.

Before the start of the main military activities of the the FSK was responsible for the covert operations against the separatists led. Creation of the FSB [ ] In 1995, the FSK was renamed and reorganized into the Federal Security Service (FSB) by the Federal Law of 3 April 1995, 'On the Organs of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation'. The FSB reforms were rounded out by No. 633, signed by on 23 June 1995. The made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described the powers of the FSB director. The number of deputy directors was increased to 8: 2 first deputies, 5 deputies responsible for departments and directorates and 1 deputy director heading the and directorate. Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General as the new director of the FSB.

In 1998 Yeltsin appointed, a KGB veteran who would later succeed Yeltsin as federal president, as director of the FSB. Putin was reluctant to take over the directorship, but once appointed conducted a thorough reorganization, which included the dismissal of most of the FSB's top personnel. Putin appointed as the head of FSB in 1999. Role in the Second Chechen War [ ] After the main military offensive of the ended and the separatists changed tactics to guerilla warfare, overall command of the federal forces in Chechnya was transferred from the military to the FSB in January 2001. While the army lacked technical means of tracking the guerrilla groups, the FSB suffered from insufficient human intelligence due to its inability to build networks of agents and informants.

In the autumn of 2002, the separatists launched a massive campaign of against the Russian civilians, including the. The inability of the federal forces to conduct efficient counter-terrorist operations led to the government to transfer the responsibility of 'maintaining order' in Chechnya from the FSB to the (MVD) in July 2003. Putin reforms [ ]. President Putin meeting with Director of FSB on 9 August 2000 After becoming President, launched a major reorganization of the FSB. First, the FSB maybe was placed under direct control of the President by a decree issued on 17 May 2000.

Internal structure of the agency was reformed by a decree signed on 17 June 2000. In the resulting structure, the FSB was to have a director, a first deputy director and nine other deputy directors, including one possible state secretary and the chiefs of six departments: Economic Security Department, Counterintelligence Department, Organizational and Personnel Service, Department of activity provision, Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Department for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism. In 2003, the agency's responsibilities were considered considerably widened.

The, with its staff of 210,000, was integrated to the FSB via a decree was signed on 11 March 2003. The merger was completed by 1 July 2003. In addition, The Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI) was abolished and the FSB was granted a major part of its functions, while other parts went to the. Among the reasons for this strengthening of the FSB were enhanced need for security after increased terror attacks against Russian civilians starting from the; the need to end the permanent infighting between the FSB, FAPSI and the Border Guards due to their overlapping functions and the need for more efficient response to migration, drug trafficking and illegal arms trading. It has also been pointed out, that the FSB was the only power base of the new president, and the restructuring therefore strengthened Putin's position (see ).

On 28 June 2004 in a speech to high-ranking FSB officers, Putin emphasized three major tasks of the agency: neutralizing foreign espionage, safeguarding economic and financial security of the country and combating organized crime. In September 2006, the FSB was shaken by a major reshuffle, which, combined with some earlier reassignments (most remarkably, those of FSB Deputy Directors and Vladimir Anisimov in 2004 and 2005, respectively), were widely believed to be linked to the that had slowly unfolded since 2000. Some analysts considered it to be an attempt to undermine FSB Director 's influence, as it was Patrushev's team from the KGB Directorate of the late 1980s – early 1990s that had suffered most and he had been on vacations during the event.

By 2008, the agency had one Director, two First Deputy Directors and 5 Deputy Directors. It had the following 9 divisions: • Counter-Espionage • Service for Defense of Constitutional Order and Fight against Terrorism • Border Service • Economic Security Service • Current Information and International Links • Organizational and Personnel Service • Monitoring Department • Scientific and Technical Service • Organizational Security Service According to FSB chief Alexander Bortnikov, the FSB is developing its own systems in order to gather intelligence. Fight against terrorism [ ]. FSB special forces members during a special operation in, as a result of which 'one fighter was killed and two terrorist attacks prevented' in 2010. Starting from the in 2002, Russia was faced with increased levels of Islamist.

The FSB, being the main agency responsible for counter-terrorist operations, was in the front line in the fight against terror. During the Moscow theater siege and the, FSB's units and played a key role in the hostage release operations.

Modelling Binary Data Collett Pdf To Word here. However, their performance was criticised due to the high number of hostage casualties. In 2006, the FSB scored a major success in its counter-terrorist efforts when it successfully killed, the mastermind behind the Beslan tragedy and several other high-profile terrorist acts.

According to the FSB, the operation was planned over six months and made possible due to the FSB's increased activities in foreign countries that were supplying arms to the terrorists. Basayev was tracked via the surveillance of this arms trafficking. Basayev and other militants were preparing to carry out a terrorist attack in when FSB agents destroyed their convoy; 12 militants were killed.

During the last years of the 's second presidency (2006–2008), terrorist attacks in Russia dwindled, falling from 257 in 2005 to 48 in 2007. Military analyst praised the effectiveness of Russia's security agencies, saying that the experience learned in and had been key to the success. In 2008, the American 's Foreign Policy magazine named Russia as 'the worst place to be a terrorist' and highlighted especially Russia's willingness to prioritize national security over civil rights.

By 2010, Russian forces, led by the FSB, had managed to eliminate out the top leadership of the Chechen insurgency, except for. Increased terrorism and expansion of the FSB's powers [ ]. President Dmitry Medvedev meeting with FSB Director on the way from to 's capital in June 2009 Starting from 2009, the level of terrorism in Russia increased again. Particularly worrisome was the increase of suicide attacks. While between February 2005 and August 2008, no civilians were killed in such attacks, in 2008 at least 17 were killed and in 2009 the number rose to 45. In March 2010, Islamist militants organised the, which killed 40 people. One of the two blasts took place at Lubyanka station, near the FSB headquarters.

Militant leader —dubbed 'Russia's Osama Bin Laden'—took responsibility for the attacks. In July 2010, President expanded the FSB's powers in its fight against terrorism.

FSB officers received the power to issue warnings to citizens on actions that could lead to committing crimes and arrest people for 15 days if they fail to comply with legitimate orders given by the officers. The bill was harshly criticized by human rights organizations. Role [ ] Counterintelligence [ ] In 2011, the FSB said it had exposed 199 foreign spies, including 41 professional spies and 158 agents employed by foreign intelligence services. The number has risen in recent years: in 2006 the FSB reportedly caught about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents.

Comparing the number of exposed spies historically, the then-FSB Director said in 1996: 'There has never been such a number of arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II.' The 2011 figure is similar to what was reported in 1995–1996, when around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered during the two-year period. In a high-profile case of foreign espionage, the FSB said in February 2012 that an engineer working at the, Russia's main space center for military launches, had been sentenced to 13 years in prison on charges of state treason. A court judged that the engineer had sold information about testing of new Russian strategic missile systems to the American.

A number of scientists have been accused of espionage and illegal technology exports by the FSB since it was established; instances include researcher, physicist, physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev, academician Oskar Kaibyshev, and physicist Yury Ryzhov. Ecologist and journalist, who worked with the, was accused of espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet. He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). Other instances of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko,, who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and, chairman of the.

Other arrested people include, a former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents,, who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and, who had written that Russia was working on a nerve-gas weapon. Counter-terrorism [ ]. FSB officers on the scene of the in 2011. Combating terrorism is one of the main tasks of the agency.

In 2011, the FSB prevented 94 'crimes of a terrorist nature', including eight terrorist attacks. In particular, the agency foiled a planned suicide bombing in Moscow on New Year's Eve. However, the agency failed to prevent terrorists perpetrating the. Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all presidents of the separatist including,,, and. Just before his death, Saidullaev claimed that the Russian government 'treacherously' killed Maskhadov, after inviting him to 'talks' and promising his security 'at the highest level'. During the and, all hostage takers were killed on the spot by FSB spetsnaz forces. Only one of the suspects,, survived and was convicted later by the court.

It is reported that more than 100 leaders of terrorist groups have been killed during 119 operations on North Caucasus during 2006. On 28 July 2006 the FSB presented a list of 17 terrorist organizations recognized by the, to newspaper, which published the list that day. The list had been available previously, but only through individual request. Commenting on the list, Yuri Sapunov, head of anti-terrorism at the FSB, named three main criteria necessary for organizations to be listed. Foreign intelligence [ ] According to some unofficial sources, since 1999, the FSB has also been tasked with the intelligence-gathering on the territory of the countries, wherein the SVR is legally forbidden from conducting espionage under the inter-government agreements. Such activity is in line with Article 8 of the Federal Law on the FSB. Prince Of Persia The Two Thrones Crack For Windows 7 Free Download. Targeted killing [ ] In the summer of 2006, the FSB was given the legal power to engage in of terrorism suspects overseas if so ordered by the president.

Border protection [ ]. Border guards of the Federal Security Service pursuing trespassers of the maritime boundary during exercises in The (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003. Russia has 61,000 kilometers (38,000 mi) of sea and land borders, 7,500 kilometers (4,700 mi) of which is with Kazakhstan, and 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) with China. One kilometer (1,100 ) of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year. Export control [ ] The FSB is engaged in the development of Russia's export control strategy and examines drafts of international agreements related to the transfer of and military commodities and technologies. Its primary role in the sphere is to collect information to prevent the illegal export of controlled nuclear technology and materials. Claims of intimidation of foreign diplomats and journalists [ ] The FSB has been accused by of using psychological techniques to intimidate western diplomatic staff and journalists, with the intention of making them curtail their work in Russia early.

The techniques allegedly involve entering targets' houses, moving household items around, replacing items with similar (but slightly different) items, and even sending sex toys to a male target's wife, all with the intention of confusing and scaring the target. Guardian journalist,, claims to have been the subject of such techniques. Doping scandal [ ]. Main articles: and Following allegations by a Russian former lab director about the in, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led.

McLaren's investigation concluded in a report published in July 2016 that the and the Federal Security Service (FSB) had operated a using a 'disappearing positive [test] methodology' (DPM) from 'at least late 2011 to August 2015.' It was used on 643 positive samples, a number that the authors consider 'only a minimum' due to limited access to Russian records. On 9 December 2016, Canadian lawyer published the second part of his. The investigation found that from 2011 to 2015, more than 1,000 Russian competitors in various sports (including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports) benefited from the cover-up. Emails indicate that they included five blind powerlifters, who may have been given drugs without their knowledge, and a fifteen-year-old. 2016 US presidential elections [ ].

•, December 1993 – February 1994 •, February 1994 – June 1995 •, July 1995 – June 1996 •, July 1996 – July 1998 •, July 1998 – August 1999 •, August 1999 – 12 May 2008 •, 12 May 2008 – present Criticism of FSB political role in Russia [ ] The FSB has been criticised for corruption and human rights violations. Some Kremlin critics such as have claimed that the FSB is engaged in suppression of internal dissent; Litvinenko died in 2006 as a result of polonium poisoning. A number of opposition lawmakers and investigative journalists were murdered while investigating corruption and other alleged crimes:,,,, Alexander Litvinenko, (US),,, and others.

The FSB has been further criticised by some for failure to bring Islamist terrorism in Russia under control. In the mid-2000s, the pro-Kremlin Russian sociologist claimed that FSB played a dominant role in the country's political, economic and even cultural life. FSB officers have been frequently accused of extortion, bribery and illegal takeovers of private companies, often working together with tax inspection officers.

Active and former FSB officers are also present as 'curators' in 'almost every single large enterprise', both in public and private sectors. Former FSB officer, a defector,, along with a series of other authors such as,,,, (also former FSB officer) claimed in the early 2000s that the 1999 in and other Russian cities were a attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale and boost former FSB Director 's, then the prime minister, popularity in the lead-up to and presidential transfer of power in Russia later that year. In his book Mafia State,, the Moscow correspondent for from to 2007 to 2011 and a fierce critic of Russian politics, alleges that the FSB subjected him to continual psychological harassment, with the aim of either coercing him into practicing self-censorship in his reporting, or to leave the country entirely.

He says that FSB used techniques known as (literally 'corrosion' or 'undermining') which were perfected by the. Criticised the continuing celebration of the professional holiday of the and the modern Russian security services on the anniversary of the creation of the: 'The successors of the still haven't renounced anything; they even celebrate their professional the same day, as during, on the 20th of December. It is as if the present intelligence and counterespionage services of celebrated Day. I can imagine how indignant our press would be!' In the same time, in 2007, during a memorial to the victims of the 1937 at honored the victims of the Stalin's purge and told the audience that the Great Purge was prepared by the years of the previous hostilities of the Soviet regime including extermination of entire strata of the society:, and the. In his speech Putin mainly criticized the under the lead of as the then Cheka head, which resulted in the deaths of thousands, including opponents of the regime and the clergy.

See also [ ].

This kind of FSB file stores plug-ins that have been compiled from a Form-Z Script file (.FSL). They normally come as a archive. How To Open an FSB File Most FSB files you encounter within a game were probably created with FMOD Designer. You can extract the sounds within an FSB file using a program like. Note: FSB Extractor downloads as a file. You'll need a program like PeaZip in order to open it.

Then, just select the FsbExtractor.exe file to open the tool. If you'd rather not extract the audio data from the FSB file but instead listen to the files directly, you should be able to do that using.

You may need 7-Zip to open this program since at least one version of it is made available as a file. Is the program used to open FSB files that are compiled scripts. This is most easily accomplished by copying the FSB file into the 'scripts' folder of the Form-Z program's installation folder. How To Convert an FSB File The Music Player Ex program mentioned above can save FMOD audio files to other formats like and. Once the file is in one of those formats, you could always use a to save the file to some other audio format like. Can convert these types of FSB files too but it's only free if you get the trial version, which is probably limited not only in how long you can use it but also in its features.

I haven't tested this myself, so I'm not sure what formats the FSB file can be converted to, but I do know that the program supports converting an FSB file to some type of format. More Help With FSB Files See for information about contacting me on social networks or via email, posting on tech support forums, and more. Let me know what kinds of problems you're having with opening or using the FSB file and I'll see what I can do to help.