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This tutorial combines an original NES controller, USB keyboard, wire and tact switches into a USB NES controller suitable for use with NES and arcade emulators. Download the latest Hama USB-PS/2-Converter device drivers (Official and Certified). Hama USB-PS/2-Converter drivers updated daily. Download Now.

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The color-coded PS/2 connection ports (purple for keyboard and green for mouse) Type and data connector Production history Designer Designed 1987; 30 years ago ( 1987) Superseded, and Superseded by General specifications Hot pluggable No External Yes Cable 4 wires plus shield Pins 6 Connector Electrical Signal 5 V Max. Voltage 000000000♠5.0 ±0.5 V Max. Current 275 mA Data Data signal Serial data at 10.0–16.7 kHz with 1 start bit, 8 data bits ( first), 1 parity bit (odd), 1 stop bit, [1 ack bit (if host-to-device)] Bitrate 7–12 Max. Devices 1 or 2 Protocol Pin out. • Keyboard and mouse ports may be combined into a single port which can be used to connect both by splitter cable. • Sometimes, mouse Data for splitter cable. • Sometimes, mouse Clock for splitter cable.

The PS/2 port is a 6-pin used for connecting some and to a computer system. Its name comes from the series of, with which it was introduced in 1987. The PS/2 mouse connector generally replaced the older 'serial mouse' connector, while the PS/2 keyboard connector replaced the larger 5-pin/180° used in the design.

The PS/2 designs on keyboard and mouse interfaces are electrically similar and employ the same communication protocol. However, unlike the otherwise similar connector used by Apple, a given system's keyboard and mouse port may not be interchangeable since the two devices use a different set of commands. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • Communication protocol [ ] Communication is, and. The attached device generates the clock signal.

The host controls communication using the clock line; when the host pulls the clock low, communication from the device is inhibited. Port availability [ ] Older and most contemporary motherboards have a single port that supports either a keyboard or a mouse. Sometimes the port also allows one of the devices to be connected to the two normally unused pins in the connector to allow both to be connected at once through a special splitter cable. This configuration is common on / notebooks among many others.

The PS/2 keyboard interface was electrically the same as for the 5-pin DIN connector on former, and keyboards designed for one can be connected to the other with a simple wiring adapter. In contrast to this, the PS/2 mouse interface is substantially different from (which was generally used for mice on PCs without PS/2 ports), but nonetheless many mice were made that could operate on both with a simple passive wiring adapter, where the mice would detect the presence of the adapter due to its wiring and then switch protocols accordingly. PS/2 mouse and keyboard connectors have also been used in non-IBM PC-compatible computer systems, such as the DEC line, early IBM machines and,, and newer (, etc.) computers.

Various Macintosh clone computers from the late 1990s featured PS/2 mouse and keyboard ports, including the and the Power Computing PowerBase. Legacy port status and USB [ ] PS/2 is now considered a, with ports now normally preferred for connecting keyboards and mice. This dates back at least as far as the / specification of 2000. However, PS/2 ports continue to be included on many computer motherboards, and are favoured by some users, for various reasons including: • They cause fewer problems when with non- systems. [ ] • PS/2 ports may also be favored for security reasons in a corporate environment as they allow USB ports to be totally disabled, preventing the connection of any USB removable disks and malicious USB devices. • High-end keyboards that provide typically do so via a PS/2 interface as, though USB HID keyboards support full rollover, some operating systems do not promote USB HID boot keyboards, which can report only a maximum of six pressed keys (excluding modifiers) at a time.

This hinders fast typists, as well as users who depend on unusual hotkeys to be recognized by special software (for example, for system development purposes) or seek to use alternative input methods like. • The PS/2 interface also has much lower latencies for keyboards due to the interrupt-driven manner PS/2 keyboards communicate with the computer by default compared to the polled nature of USB keyboards where the USB controller hardware polls USB keyboards, which can be important in some real-time applications or gaming. Football Techniques Pdf. • USB keyboards return status updates by default every half second in order to allow typematic (the function that causes keys to repeat when they are held long enough) to work compared to PS/2 keyboards which do not return any status reports unless their status changes or are polled or a key is held long enough for typematic to activate, which causes the keyboard to send the scan codes for the keys affected by typematic to be repeatedly sent until the keys are released.

Terramite Serial Numbers more. • The PS/2 interface saves power due to its interrupt-driven nature compared to USB which requires periodic polling, so it is a popular interface for laptops' internal keyboards and pointing devices. USB mice have lower latencies than PS/2 mice because standard USB mice are polled at a default rate of 125 hertz while standard PS/2 mice send interrupts at a default rate of 100 hertz when they have data to send to the computer.

Also, USB mice do not cause the USB controller to interrupt the system when they have no status change to report according to the USB HID specification's default profile for mice. Both PS/2 and USB allow the sample rate to be overridden, with PS/2 supporting a sampling rate of up to 200 hertz and USB supporting a polling rate up to 1 kilohertz as long as the mouse runs at full-speed USB speeds or higher.

Conversion between PS/2 and USB [ ] Many keyboards and mice were specifically designed to support both the USB and the PS/2 interfaces and protocols, selecting the appropriate connection type at power-on. Such devices are generally equipped with a USB connector and ship with a wiring adapter to allow connection to a PS/2 port. Such passive adapters are not standardized and may therefore be specific to the device they came with. They cannot be used to adapt other devices to PS/2 ports. [ ] While combi-devices supporting USB and PS/2 are still available, most USB keyboards and mice in the 2010s no longer come with or even support the PS/2 protocol. [ ] Connecting them to a PS/2 port would require an adapter, actively translating between the protocols.

Such adapters only support certain classes of USB devices such as keyboards and mice, but are not model- or vendor-specific. Older PS/2-only peripherals can be connected to a USB port via an active adapter, which generally provides a pair of PS/2 ports at the cost of one USB port. Color code [ ] Original PS/2 connectors were black or had the same color as the connecting cable (mainly white). Later the standard introduced a color code: the keyboard port, and the plugs on compliant keyboards, were purple; mouse ports and plugs were green. (Some vendors initially used a different color code; used the color orange for the keyboard connector for a short period, but soon switched to purple.) Today this code is still used on most PCs. The pinouts of the connectors are the same, but most computers will not recognize devices connected to the wrong port.

Color Description Purple Keyboard Green Mouse Hardware issues [ ]. This section: Hardware issues needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) () Hotplugging [ ] PS/2 ports are designed to connect the digital I/O lines of the microcontroller in the external device directly to the digital lines of the microcontroller on the motherboard. They are not designed to be.

Hot swapping PS/2 devices usually does not cause damage because more modern microcontrollers tend to have more robust I/O lines built into them which are harder to damage than those of older controllers; however, hot swapping can still potentially cause damage on older machines, or machines with less robust port implementations. If they are hot swapped, the devices must be similar enough that the driver running on the host system recognizes, and can be used with, the new device. Otherwise, the new device will not function properly. While this is seldom an issue with standard keyboard devices, the host system rarely recognizes the new device attached to the PS/2 mouse port. In practice most keyboards can be hot swapped but this should be avoided.

Durability [ ]. Bus powered PS/2-to-USB adapter PS/2 connectors are not designed to be plugged in and out very often, which can lead to bent or broken pins. PS/2 connectors insert in only one direction and must be rotated correctly before attempting connection.

Most but not all connectors include an arrow or flat section which is usually aligned to the right or top of the jack before being plugged in. The exact direction may vary on older or non- computers and care should be taken to avoid damaged or bent pins when connecting devices. This issue is slightly alleviated in modern times with the advent of the PS/2-to-USB adapter: users can just leave a PS/2 connector plugged into the PS/2-to-USB adapter at all times and not risk damaging the pins this way. A USB-to-PS/2 adapter does not have this problem. Fault isolation [ ] As noted, in a standard implementation both PS/2 ports are usually controlled by a on the motherboard. This makes design and manufacturing extremely simple and cheap. However, a rare side effect of this design is that a malfunctioning device can cause the controller to become confused, resulting in both devices acting erratically.

The resulting problems can be difficult to troubleshoot (e.g., a bad mouse can cause problems that appear to be the fault of the keyboard and vice versa). See also [ ] • • on • • on • • References [ ]. Retrieved 2011-06-14. • Lenerz, Gerhard (7 November 2006)..

Archived from on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2011-04-04. Retrieved 26 October 2015.

Archived from on 2010-12-25. Archived from (PDF) on 11 August 2014. • Adam Chapweske (2003-09-05).. Retrieved 2016-11-26. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. October 1990.

Retrieved 2016-11-26. •, Burton sys. •, Computer engineering. •, Beyond logic.